Essay Cultural Communities - 1846 Words

Rogoff (2003) argues that human are biologically cultural: â€Å"people develop as participants in cultural communities. Their development can be understood only in light of the cultural practices and circumstances of their communities- which also changes† (p. 3-4). According to Gonzalez- Mena (2003) understanding cultural differences can be confusing and no one can possibly know all about the culture of every family who might come into early childhood centres so does that allows the educators to throw their hand and give up. She suggested that the answer is to seek to understand cultural difference by exploring broad themes and organising concepts. As an early childhood teacher our role is to become conscious of how our attitudes and action†¦show more content†¦These cultural regularities could be a portion of influence to me in considering and implicating teaching early childhood education in preschools. Because of these different cultural regularities, I will think about my teaching philosophy, ideas and actions more and implicate my early childhood education to children very carefully. According to Rogoff (2003) â€Å"what they do depends in important ways on the cultural meaning given to the events and the social and institutional supports provided in their communities for learning and carrying out specific roles in the activities† (p. 6). Noticing about people’s social-ecological context also help me easier to acquire information and knowledge about child’s family beliefs and culture. By noticing the children’s family background and their family philosophy will affect me in implicating early childhood education in preschools. In New Zealand, some groups of migrants from the Pacific Islands have established early childhood centres to keep their different cultures and languages flourishing in their communities in New Zealand. Because of the diversity of cultures, there is no single Pacific Islands curriculum, but there are historic links in language and culture, and there is a common geographic heritage. In different cultural communities it is expected that children to engage in activities at vastly different times in childhood, and may regard in otherShow MoreRelatedSocial And Cultural Aspects Of Community1924 Words   |  8 PagesThe meaning of community has been transitory over time through theoretical perspectives, particularly with the impact and integration of factors through globalisation which has connected society through technology and economic, political and legal, social and cultural aspects. Community is roughly defined as a group of individuals living in the same area/place or having a particular characteristic/interests in common. (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015) but community is an evolving idea and there is no ‘typicalRead MoreCritical Race Theory Discussion Of Community Cultural Wealth1959 Words   |  8 PagesThe article Whose Culture has Capital? Acritical Race Theory Discussion of Community Cultural Wealth, talks community cultural wealth as the critical race theory. Critical race theory changes the way we look as communities of color, instead of thinking of places full of cultural poverty disadvantages, it focusses on and learns from the range of cultural knowledge, skills, abilities and contacts possessed by socially disregarded groups that often go unrecognized and unacknowledged. There are variousRead MoreCultural Humility And Community Based Participatory Research And Education933 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Humility in Community-based Participatory Research and Education Cultural humility, while perhaps not easy to grasp at first, is an important concept discussed in the documentary, â€Å"Cultural Humility in Community-based Participatory Research and Education.† In the documentary, cultural competence is compared to cultural humility through a series of stories and experiences. There are many beneficial lessons that can be learned and applied to one’s own beliefs and practices from this insightfulRead MoreCommunity Cultural Wealth1016 Words   |  5 Pagesthe article Community Cultural Wealth by Dr. Taray-Yosso cultural wealth is defined as an areal of knowledge, skills, abilities and contacts possessed and utilized by communities of color to survive and resist operations. Although cultural wealth deals with the many skills aspects of economic growth, both of which are crucial to the attainment of higher education nonetheless cultural wealth can be categorized into three defiant groups known as cultural ties, cultural capital and cu ltural wealth. TheRead MoreA Cultural And Community Experience1371 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION In an effort to experience a cultural and community experience that is outside my â€Å"normal† culture and encourages interaction among people with whom I might not normally interact, I attended The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment: The Lamrim Chenmo teachings at the Chenrezig Tibetan Buddhist Center located in Middletown, Connecticut on July 8, 2014. PRIOR TO VISITING THE CENTER Before I visited the Chenrezig Tibetan Buddhist Center, I wasn’t sure what to expectRead More Cultural Communities Essay2080 Words   |  9 Pagesunderstand their cultural practices and circumstances of their communities. I will also discuss how this can be done and the implication for this in early childhood education. Rogoff (2003) argues that humans are develops as cultural beings: â€Å"people develop as participants in cultural communities. Their development can be understood only in light of the cultural practices and circumstances of their communities- which also change† (p. 3-4) According to Gonzalez- Mena (2003), understanding cultural differencesRead MoreCultural Diversity Of The Jewish Community949 Words   |  4 PagesIn our world today, cultural diversity is beginning to play a major part in how we, as human beings interact with one another, especially with the existence of computer technology. Cultural diversity allows people to live their life in a particular way based on certain principles such as beliefs, values, historical heritage and religion. From the different types of ways a person can define themselves, it is the historical heritage that has the most influential impact on individuals because it wasRead MoreCultural Diversity in My Community1867 Words   |  8 PagesCultural Diversity in My Community Cindy Kirkland Cultural Diversity February 18, 2007 Chino a community being so diverse, there is not enough cultural awareness. Leaders in the community treat people friendly, because they either know them already or read their personalities. In a diverse community, it is essential that the members of that community be aware of other members in the community. Knowledge is power and people can learn a lot by just paying attention to the actions ofRead MoreCultural Components Of The Deaf Community Essay1778 Words   |  8 PagesThe Deaf community has various different cultural components that create and bring the culture together as a whole. Some of these cultural components consist of a pride-filled community with dignity, American Sign Language, art/paintings and literature, a close knit and bonded community, and shared experiences with a lot in common. The Deaf culture provides the different bonds that hold the community together. The Deaf community has distinctive pride and dignity to resemble their culture. The peopleRead MoreCommunity Architecture And Cultural Architecture2046 Words   |  9 Pagesof ‘community architecture’ was not new, and it is related to our life. In relation to western and non-western architecture to analysis ‘community architecture’ has a huge difference. For relatively affluent Western countries, the spirit of ‘community building‘ will be how to build a better environment and conditions to make residents feel comfortable, but for non-Western countries, ‘community architecture’ often represents public buildings. This dissertation will discuss what is ‘community architecture’

Olaudah Equiano s View On Slavery - 1080 Words

Heidi MacDonald Amanda Meyer EN 203 June 10, 2015 Olaudah Equiano s Views on Slavery Olaudah Equiano s The Life of Olaudah Equiano, is an autobiography that tells the story of a young boy who was kidnapped from his home and put into the life of slavery at the tender age of 11. In 1789 while living in London Mr. Equiano published his autobiography. The book was a huge success and described what it was like for Equiano to be taken from the only home that he had known and shipped halfway around the world to be used a slave. Olaudah is a man of great conflict when it comes to slavery and what he feels is right or wrong. His views have been formed from his own personal journey into slavery. In the end he ultimately decides that it would be best to put an end to slavery. Olaudah was one of seven children born into an upper class black family in 1745. He was born in a small province called Essaka, which is now what we know as Nigeria, Africa. From his description his family is very prominent in the village. His father, who was a chief, bore a mark of grandeur which was only wore by certain men. Most of the judges and senators were thus marked; my father had long borne it: I had seen it conferred on one of my brothers, and I also was destined to receive it by my parents (Equiano 483). It seems as if because he is from a higher class family that this somehow would justify them owning another person as personal property. The village that Equiano was fromShow MoreRelatedThe Interesting Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano, By James Sweet And Katrina Thompson901 Words   |  4 PagesInteresting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano, in which the author recounts his experience as a slave going through the Middle Passage. Other works such as Ring Shout, Wheel About The Racial Politics of Music and Dance in North American Slavery, by Katrina Thompson, and Domingos à lvares, African Healing, and the Intellectual History of the Atlantic World, by James Sweet, can help us garner a dee per insight as to the experiences of Olaudah Equiano by analyzing similar instancesRead MoreOlaudah Equiano. Olaudah Equiano Who Was Known As Gustavus1129 Words   |  5 PagesOlaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano who was known as Gustavus Vassa throughout his entire life was an popular African in London, a freed slave who was in support for the British Movement towards bringing to an end then slave trade. His memoirs in his own â€Å"The Interesting Narrative ofthe Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African† describes a young man captured and enslaved only at the tender age of eleven years. The journey of Equiano from captivity of being a slave to freedom, becomingRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass And Olaudah Equiano1398 Words   |  6 PagesDouglass and Olaudah Equiano were two slaves during those times that were forced into the world of slavery. Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass An American Slave† and Olaudah Equiano’s â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† are literary pieces that talk about their views, experiences, and ideas in relation to slavery. The narratives of Douglass and Equiano offer true records of life as a slave. In the matter of life revolving around slavery, FrederickRead MoreOlaudah Equianos the Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself1119 Words   |  5 PagesOlaudah Equiano s The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself, is the story of the eponymous real-life character, Olaudah Equiano, his life, trials, tribulations and journey from slavery at an early age to freedom. For Equiano, it seems that slavery is almost a metaphysical phenomenon. His entire life is essentially characterized by the different experiences relating slavery, from Africa to the Middle Passage to plantation life inRead MoreHarriet Beecher Stowe s Uncle Tom s Cabin And Olaudah1728 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Johnson American Literature 2301-60 December 1, 2015 American Slave Literature Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Olaudah Equiano’s Narrative of his Life both endeavor to stir antislavery sentiment in predominantly white, proslavery readers. Each author uses a variety of literary tactics to persuade audiences that slavery is inhumane. Equiano uses vivid imagery and inserts personal experience to appeal to audiences, believing that a first-hand account of the varying traumas slavesRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment By Francois Marie Arouet1082 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Enlightenment was Olaudah Equiano, a man who was kidnapped and brought to the New World as a slave. Like Voltaire, his writings brought to light new ideas and called for change. Equiano focused on individual liberty and equality. He earned his freedom from slavery and traveled the world where he joined movements to abolish the slave trade. He then turned his life around and began work on writing and ultimately publishing. Ever since his freedom from the chain s of slavery he strove to make sureRead MoreA Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano1246 Words   |  5 PagesRowlandson and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano. They relate the experiences of a married white Puritan woman captured by Native Americans and an African boy captured for the American slave trade at a young age respectively. They were often used as propaganda, Europeans during this time created stereotypes for Native Americans as being cruel and warlike and helped whites to start to see the slavery of African-Americans as wrong. The two narratives are similarRead MoreThe Influence Of The Harlem Renaissance On African American Literature1144 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican American literature was introduced through this period through the writings of Olaudah Equiano and Phillis Wheatley. Although the writers were not in the same writing league they both played an intricate part in the establishment of African American literature. According to The Norton Anthology American Literature, Olaudah Equiano s narrative, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, was characterized as, â€Å"an explicit narrative that movedRead MoreEnslaved Captive is the Story of a Young African Couple Written by by Olaudah Equiano717 Words   |  3 PagesEnslaved Captive, by Olaudah Equiano was published in 1789, and tells the story of a young African boy who is kidnaped, taken into slavery and eventually arrives in the Americas where he is sold to a merchant there. Olaudah, who is portrayed as the young slave, explains in narrative the horrors that he and other fellow Africans experienced on their journey from Africa to American where they are meant to be sold and put to work. The article persuades the reader to see from the point of view of the slave,Read MoreThe Great Challenge For Marginalized Writers Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesviewpoint without appearing too critical of the dominant culture. Additionally, minorities faced another challenge because they had to prove their credibility for writing their stories in the first place. Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, and Olaudah Equiano relied on prefaces, appeals for morality, and Christianity to establish a connection with their audience. All three writers used ethos, logos, and pathos to persuade the audience towards their perspective. Once they had created a bond with their

Social Deviance Essay Example For Students

Social Deviance Essay It seems to me that when I think about deviant behavior, I tend to think of murder, robbery and things of that nature. But even so, I still have engaged in a form of deviant behavior – I have pedaled pornography on the Internet. It is a minor thing as far as I am concerned but there are many that would put this act right up there with murder. From smutty words to filthy pictures, everyone has an opinion on pornography. And even though most people will argue that they dont like pornography in any form, the pornography industry is a lucrative world, so someone is buying it. I mean dont get me wrong, I believe in censorship when it comes to minors accessing pornography, and I as an adult web site owner took every step available to me to make sure that children could not access my site. I hid my secret job from my friends and family, afraid of what then might say. Once they did find out I felt branded as a deviant. My family shunned me, they pushed me farther and farther into my s ecret world, making me set out to prove that my so-called deviant behavior wouldnt make me some horrible person. Most of society immediately assumes that because you are employed in the adult entertainment industry you are some sort of pervert, that you have no morals in your life at all. Emile Durkheim, who developed the first structural functionalist theory, observed that deviance is an inevitable part of social life. He also observed that deviance is valuable to society, but when he does not consider is how certain acts, attributes and beliefs come to be considered deviant to begin with.I think that because society has so many norms and taboos that it is hard not to do something that at least some part of society would consider deviant behavior. Because of the reactions of others it really reinforced my behaviors, making me want to prove them wrong. And even more that that I wanted to take the money I had earned and do something really spectacular with it, I wanted to use it towa rds my educational goals. But soon the lure of such easy money became an obsession, an obsession for deviance. I made friends within the pornography industry and they connected me with a woman who ran a phone sex business out of her home, we talked and she put me to work for her right away. I immediately enjoyed the job but felt extremely guilty – not only because I was engaging in deviant behavior, but I was also lying to these hundreds of men about who I was and what I looked like. One of my close friends from high school began to tell me things like when people access your photos on the Internet they begin to obtain distorted views of normal sexual behavior. She also stated that most pornography seemed very degrading to women as a whole.Listening to what she had to say really affected my views on what I was doing and why. Even though I was making good money and putting it towards my educational goals, what price was I really paying? I immediately went home and sat quietly and thought for a long, long time. I thought about my family and what they had said, I thought about the women and men in the photos I was using. It occurred to me that I felt morally wrong. So, I put away my porn, gave up the phone sex business and headed for more respectable employment. Ill never forget the experiences I had or the people I met. I learned a lot from everyone in the adult entertainment business, but as for me I guess I just gave in to my own morals and those of my family and friends. BibliographyBibliographyRenzetti Curran 1998, Living Sociology, Needham Heights, MA, Allyn Bacon .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b , .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b .postImageUrl , .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b , .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b:hover , .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b:visited , .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b:active { border:0!important; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b:active , .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u87796c713605e47d27e50fa93073233b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The United States has come a long way since the ag Essay

Literature Research Worksheet Essay Example

Literature Research Worksheet Essay Nursing Research and Practice June 18, 2012 Jacquelyn Zirbes University of Phoenix Material Literature Search Worksheet * Select a literature search topic relevant to your practice. The topic must be sufficiently delineated in scope without being trivial. You will revisit this article in the Week Five presentation. Possible topics include but are not limited to: * * Non-pharmacological pain relief with childbirth * Effects of shift work and fatigue on medication errors Best practices for pin site care * Nurse satisfaction in magnet hospitals * Accurate temperature assessment methods in neonates * Pain assessment in the cognitively impaired * Childhood type II diabetes and obesity * Complementary and alternative therapies for control of menopausal symptoms * Best practices in nurse-led smoking cessation classes * Thermoregulation in the operating room * Best practices for pain assessment and management in specified area of practice * * Complete the table below: * * Which topic did you choose? * Best practices for pain assessment and management in specified area of practice * | * Which three databases will you use? * * 1. EBSCO * 2. ProQuest * 3. PUBMED * | * Search each database, using key words, for relevant research on this subject. What key words did you use in the Search Strategy fields? Include all attempts and limitations used to refine your search. * 1. I used the key words: Pain assessment and management; Pain management orthopedic surgery; NSAIDs use in orthopedic surgery; 2. I limited my search to peer reviewed journals only. 3. I also refined my search by using full text journals that were published between 2001-2012. * | * * Report the number of citations identified from each database in the number of articles found field. * * 1. EBSCOhost: 9 * 2. ProQuest: 9064 * 3. PUBMED: 2154 * | * Select one article from a peer-reviewed nursing journal published within the last three years—or a germinal article which may contain an earlier publication date—and provide the citation in APA format. * Leach, D. , amp; Bonfe, M. (2009). The effectiveness of Femoral/Sciatic nerve blocks on postoperative pain management in total knee arthroplasty. Orthopaedic Nursing,  28(5), 257-62. http://search. proquest. com/docview/195964994? accountid=35812 * | * Answer the following questions using your selected research article: * 1. Is this qualitative or quantitative? What is the study design? What criteria did you use to determine the study design? * * My artic le is a quantitative research. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Research Worksheet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Research Worksheet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Research Worksheet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The researchers used an experimental research design which includes a total of 130 patients who had total knee replacements. The controlled group of 65 patients received general or spinal anesthesia with conventional narcotic management postoperatively, while the intervention group of 65 patients received general or spinal anesthesia with femoral/sciatic nerve block post-operatively. * The criteria I used to determine the study design is looking at what kind of study the research is. In descriptive and correlational studies, there are no treatments involved (Burns amp; Grove, 2011). Since this study has treatments involve and the researchers have control over the treatments, it is experimental. Experimental study also uses a smaller sample size like the sample size in the article. It also involves 3 characteristics namely: (1) controlled manipulation of at least one treatment variable (independent variable); (2) exposure of some of the subjects to the treatment (experimental group), and no exposure of the remaining subjects (control group); and (3) random assignment of subjects to either the control or experimental group (Hopkins, 2008). 2. How did you confirm that the journal you selected was peer-reviewed or germinal? * * According to Burns amp; Groves, there are clues to know if an article is peer-reviewed. Some of the clues are finding out where the article originated, the number of references they used in the study and if the journal goes through a review process through their editorial board (2011, p. 191). I confirmed that the journal I selected was peer- reviewed based on the where my article originated. I found this article using ProQuest which gave me an option in searching only peer-reviewed articles. Aside from this, the article has 15 references which are from journals, nationally accredited organizations and textbooks. The article is from Orthopaedic Nursing Journal which is an international journal providing continuing education for orthopaedic nurses and focuses on a wide variety of clinical settings. It also provides departmental sections on current events, organizational activities, research, product and drug information, and literature findings. Articles reflect a commitment to professional development and the nursing profession as well as clinical, administrative, academic, and research areas of the orthopaedic specialty (NAON, 2011). The Orthopaedic Nursing Journal also has an editorial committee that reviews their articles before publishing them. 3. Does this research article generate support for evidence-based practice? If not, state why it does not. * * Using the critical appraisal guide, I believe that my research article generates support for evidence-based practice. The purpose of their study was clearly stated: To evaluate the effectiveness of femoral/sciatic nerve blocks on post-operative knee replacements. The inclusions and exclusions criteria were also reported. Patients were excluded if they had a history of chronic pain, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis or drug/alcohol dependence. In addition, patient who had received antiemetic prior to surgery, those with documented evidence of pre-operative cognitive impairment, or those who required admission to a critical care unit during their postoperative course were also excluded (Leach amp; Bonfe, 2009). The conclusion of the study was supported by the data from their research. The femoral/sciatic group members experienced less pain and increased functional range of motion. Their findings also support the research done by Cook et al. (2003) – that the use of femoral/sciatic blockade produces less pain and use of adjunct narcotics. Our facility uses evidence-based practice in our treatment plans. Finding this article validates why our orthopedic surgeons uses femoral/sciatic blocks on our total knee replacement post-operatively. It is interesting to find out literature that supports our practice.

The Differences In Culture And The Importance Of Culture In Australia Article

The Differences In Culture And The Importance Of Culture In Australia Article The Differences In Culture And The Importance Of Culture In Australia – Article Example Reflective Journal Affiliation Reflective Journal As a young Italian woman, living in a foreign country, I have experiencedhuge cultural differences in Australia as compared to my country of origin. The differences exhibit themselves in the every day lives of the aboriginal people living here in Australia (Hofstede 1980). According to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory that describes the effects of culture of a certain society has on the value and morals of the society’s members (Hofstede 1980). The effects the aboriginal’s people culture exhibit are vastly visible especially to us as medical practitioner. According to Coffin’s study on the concepts of cultural safety, awareness and security (Coffin, 2008), the best ways to deal with the situation at hand of dealing with the aboriginal is well elaborated (Hofstede 1980; Coffin, 2008). The best way to solve this issue with the aboriginals is through understanding the aboriginal’s culture and educ ating them while still trying to understand the effects their culture imposes in their way of life (Coffin, 2008). Due to the aboriginals lack of knowledge and inaccessibility to most western technologies it is very vital for medical practitioners to understand them (Coffin, 2008). The lack of technological knowhow of (Coffin, 2008) the aboriginals poses as a threat and challenge to medical practitioner in their work to pursue and offer the best medical practice since they have to incorporate the aboriginals culture in their practitioner (Hofstede 1980). The understanding of the aboriginals will greatly enable the medical practitioners who are foreigner to treat and offer their services in a more satisfactory manner (Hofstede 1980). TReferencesHofstede ,Geert , (1980)â€Å"cultural paradigm as a more collectivism and western perspective.† Coffin, J., (2008) rising to the challenge in aboriginal health by creating cultural security. Aboriginal and islander health worker journ al, 31(3), 22-24

Learn about the Doppler Effect

Learn about the Doppler Effect Astronomers study the light from distant objects in order to understand them. Light moves through space at 299,000 kilometers per second, and its path can be deflected by gravity as well as absorbed and scattered by clouds of material in the universe. Astronomers use many properties of light to study everything from planets and their moons to the most distant objects in the cosmos.   Delving into the Doppler Effect One tool they use is the Doppler effect. This is a shift in the frequency or wavelength of radiation emitted from an object as it moves through space. Its named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who first proposed it in 1842.   How does the Doppler Effect work? If the source of radiation, say a star, is moving toward an astronomer on Earth (for example), then the wavelength of its radiation will appear shorter (higher frequency, and therefore higher energy). On the other hand, if the object is moving away from the observer then the wavelength will appear longer (lower frequency, and lower energy). You have probably experienced a version of the effect when you heard a train whistle or a police siren as it moved past you, changing pitch as it passes by you and moves away. The Doppler effect is behind such technologies as police radar, where the radar gun emits light of a known wavelength. Then, that radar light bounces off a moving car and travels back to the instrument. The resulting shift in wavelength is used to calculate the speed of the vehicle. (Note: it is actually a double shift as the moving car first acts as the observer and experiences a shift, then as a moving source sending the light back to the office, thereby shifting the wavelength a second time.) Redshift When an object is receding (i.e. moving away) from an observer, the peaks of the radiation that are emitted will be spaced farther apart than they would be if the source object were stationary. The result is that the resulting wavelength of light appears longer. Astronomers say that it is shifted to the red end of the spectrum. The same effect applies to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as radio, x-ray or gamma-rays. However, optical measurements are the most common and are the source of the term redshift. The more quickly the source moves away from the observer, the greater the redshift. From an energy standpoint, longer wavelengths correspond to lower energy radiation. Blueshift Conversely, when a source of radiation is approaching an observer the wavelengths of light appear closer together, effectively shortening the wavelength of light. (Again, shorter wavelength means higher frequency and therefore higher energy.) Spectroscopically, the emission lines would appear shifted toward the blue side of the optical spectrum, hence the name blueshift. As with redshift, the effect is applicable to other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, but the effect is most often times discussed when dealing with optical light, though in some fields of astronomy this is certainly not the case. Expansion of the Universe and the Doppler Shift Use of the Doppler Shift has resulted in some important discoveries in astronomy. In the early 1900s, it was believed that the universe was static. In fact, this led Albert Einstein to add the cosmological constant to his famous field equation in order to cancel out the expansion (or contraction) that was predicted by his calculation. Specifically, it was once believed that the edge of the Milky Way represented the boundary of the static universe. Then, Edwin Hubble found that the so-called spiral nebulae that had plagued astronomy for decades were not nebulae at all. They were actually other galaxies. It was an amazing discovery and told astronomers that the universe  is much larger than they knew. Hubble then proceeded to measure the Doppler shift, specifically finding the redshift of these galaxies. He found that that the farther away a galaxy is, the more quickly it recedes. This led to the now-famous Hubbles Law, which says that an objects distance is proportional to its speed of recession. This revelation led Einstein to write that his addition of the cosmological constant to the field equation was the greatest blunder of his career. Interestingly, however, some researchers are now placing the constant back into general relativity. As it turns out Hubbles Law is only true up to a point since research over the last couple of decades has found that distant galaxies are receding more quickly than predicted. This implies that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. The reason for that is a mystery, and scientists have dubbed the driving force of this acceleration dark energy. They account for it in the Einstein field equation as a cosmological constant  (though it is of a different form than Einsteins formulation). Other Uses in Astronomy Besides measuring the expansion of the universe, the Doppler effect can be used to model the motion of things much closer to home; namely the dynamics of the Milky Way Galaxy. By measuring the distance to stars and their redshift or blueshift, astronomers are able to map the motion of our galaxy and get a picture of what our galaxy may look like to an observer from across the universe. The Doppler Effect  also allows scientists to measure the pulsations of variable stars, as well as motions of particles traveling at incredible velocities inside relativistic jet streams emanating from supermassive black holes. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Coventry's contribution to transportation Essay

Coventry's contribution to transportation - Essay Example The automotive industry in the United Kingdom- UK dates back to the end of the 19th century. During the 1950’s, the car manufacturing industry in the UK became the second largest in the globe falling behind to the United States (NAIGT 2008, p.89). At the time, the UK was the largest exporter of cars. In the decades following the 1950’s, the industry faced greater competition from other car manufacturing nations such as France, Japan and Germany. This led to a fall in growth of the industry. By 2008, statistics showing the production of cars by volume ranked the UK as the 12th largest car manufacturer. As competition in car making rose during after 1950, so too did the number of foreign car manufactures rise in the country (Tom, Jason & Clive 2012, p. 54). Companies such as BMW, TATA, and Volkswagen Group invaded the industry. Foreign company groups also claim a large percentage of ownership in traditional British car brands such as Rover, Triumph and Riley (Wells 2010, p. 103). Below is a picture of a Triumph Dolomite sprint car that got manufactured between 1973 and 1980; The Coventry motor industry has experienced innovations and inventions over the years as it faces competition and pressures from the market. The industry has invested heavily in modular design and technology in response to other competing automotive firms in other countries (Tom, Jason & Clive 2012, p. 13). ... This becomes possible through the industry’s extremely sophisticated systems integration skills. The industry has also seen massive technological progress since its inception. The industry has incorporated vital features to ensure vehicle safety (Tom & David 2000, p. 118). Technological progress has also seen the industry focus on issues such as fuel economy, environmental impact, comfort, performance and versatility. Technology and modern management skills have led to transformation of the industry through cutting edge design analysis, lightweight materials, extension of digital control to enable most car functions. Coventry has recently assisted in developing cars that embrace green technology such as electric cars and hydrogen powered vehicles (NAIGT 2008, p.65). The image below represents the technological advancements in green technology by the industry; Part 2: Report One sector that makes up the Coventry automotive industry gets to be research and development- R&D. the efforts of Coventry’s R&D get geared towards a technology roadmap that makes use of relevant resources to build cars that meet the consumers’ demands and environmental demands. This paper will analyze the R&D segment of Coventry’s automotive industry to determine its strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Success of the industry’s R&D will ensure that the industry remains competitive and relevant in the current global automotive industries (NAIGT 2008, p.59). The current global targets in transport aim towards decarbonizing the system by 2050, improving vehicle performance, safety and designs. R&D expenditures represent key information on the sustainability of an industry. The R& D represent an